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Contents
Abstract
Foreword, Publication Information & Acknowledgements
1. Introduction
- 1.1 The concept of ecological health
- 1.2 Health, the human condition: An appropriate analogy?
- 1.3 Australian estuaries
- 1.4 Structure of this report
2. Factors influencing the distribution of estuarine biota
- 2.1 Estuarine geomorphology
- 2.1.1 Geology evolution and climate
- 2.1.2 Estuarine morphology
- 2.2 Temperature and light
- 2.2.1 Water temperatures
- 2.2.2 Light
- 2.3 Water balance
- 2.3.1 Runoff and tides
- 2.4 Dissolved constituents in estuaries
- 2.4.1 Salinity
- 2.4.2 Nutrients
- 2.4.3 Trace elements
- 2.4.4 Dissolved gasses in estuarine waters
- 2.4.5 Spatial and temporal heterogeneity of estuarine constituents and biota
- 2.5 Sediments
3. Distribution of biota in estuaries
- 3.1 Natural stressors and biotic communities
- 3.1.1 Theoretical ecology and estuarine biota
- 3.1.2 Dispersal and migration
- 3.1.3 Settlement and establishment
- 3.1.4 Selection pressure
- 3.1.5 Habitat complexity
- 3.1.6 Salinity and seasonal cycles in abundance
- 3.2 Primary production
- 3.2.1 Phytoplankton
- 3.2.2 Periphyton and benthic microalgae
- 3.3 Secondary production
- 3.3.1 Zooplankton
- 3.3.2 Zoobenthos
- 3.4 Feedback effects of biota on habitats
4. Impact of urban and rural development on the distribution of estuarine biota
- 4.1 The nature of anthropogenic disturbance
- 4.2 Non-point source pollution
- 4.2.1 Impact of development on runoff
- 4.2.2 Impact of development on sediment delivery and pollutant inputs
- 4.3 Point source pollution
- 4.3.1 Sewage inputs
- 4.3.2 Industrial discharges
- 4.4 Impact of pollutants on biota
- 4.4.1 Impact of suspended solids on biota
- 4.4.2 Impact of organic loadings and nutrient inputs
- 4.4.2.1 Defining the onset and magnitude of nutrient enrichment
- 4.4.2.2 Impact of nutrient enrichment on primary production
- 4.4.2.3 Impact of nutrient enrichment on secondary production
- 4.4.3 Impact of thermal pollution and acid sulphate runoff on biota
- 4.4.3.1 Thermal pollution
- 4.4.3.2 Impact of acidification and acid sulphate runoff
- 4.4.4 Impact of toxicants on biota
- 4.4.4.1 Impact of heavy metals on biota
- 4.4.4.2 Impact of synthetic organics on biota
- 4.4.4.3 Impact of fossil hydrocarbons on biota
- 4.5 Introduced organisms, fishing and recreational pressure
- 4.6 Assessing disturbance in biotic communities
- 4.6.1 Sources of uncertainty in observations
- 4.6.2 Taxonomic resolution
5. Ecological health assessment in estuaries
- 5.1 Biological processes and ecological health
- 5.2 Ecosystem function
- 5.3 Community structure
- 5.3.1 Species richness
- 5.3.2 Relative abundance
- 5.3.3 Species diversity
- 5.3.4 Size strata
- 5.4 Biotic indices
- 5.5 Indicator species
- 5.6 Biomarkers and developmental stability analysis
- 5.6.1 Biomarkers
- 5.6.2 Developmental stability analysis
- 5.6.3 Metrics (combination indicators)
6. Utility of biota for indicating the ecological health of estuaries
- 6.1 Phytoplankton as ecological indicators
- 6.2 Benthic microalgae and periphyton as ecological indicators
- 6.3 Zooplankton as ecological indicators
- 6.4 Benthic macro-invertebrates as ecological indicators
7. References
Appendices
- 1 Examples of environmental indicators used globally to assess aspects of estuarine condition.
- 2 Examples of biological indicators used to assess aspects of the ecological health of Australian estuaries.
List of Figures and Tables
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